1. Broken Access Control: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

How It Works: Broken access control occurs when a web application fails to restrict users from accessing data or performing actions they shouldn’t be able to. For example, a regular user might access admin features by simply guessing the URL or modifying their request.

Mitigation Strategies:

Implement role-based access control (RBAC).
Always verify user permissions on the server side.
Regularly test for access control vulnerabilities

2. Cryptographic Failures: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

How It Works: Cryptographic failures often occur when sensitive data is not properly encrypted. For example, if a web application stores passwords in plain text, an attacker can easily read them.

Mitigation Strategies:

Use strong encryption algorithms (e.g., AES).
Store sensitive data hashed with a strong algorithm (e.g., bcrypt for passwords).
Regularly review cryptographic practices.

3. Injection: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

How It Works: Injection attacks happen when an attacker sends malicious data to an application, causing it to execute unintended commands. For instance, SQL injection involves manipulating a query to access unauthorized data.

    Mitigation Strategies:

    Use prepared statements and parameterized queries.
    Validate and sanitize user inputs.
    Implement web application firewalls (WAFs).

    4. Insecure Design: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

    How It Works: Insecure design refers to weaknesses in the application’s architecture that make it vulnerable. For example, an application that exposes sensitive data in URLs is poorly designed.

      Mitigation Strategies:

      Follow secure design principles from the outset.
      Conduct threat modeling during the design phase.
      Regularly review and update application designs.

      5. Security Misconfiguration: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

      How It Works: Security misconfiguration occurs when an application has insecure default settings, unnecessary features enabled, or incomplete setups. For example, a web server may expose sensitive files due to misconfigured permissions.

        Mitigation Strategies:

        Harden server configurations.
        Regularly review and update configurations.
        Remove unused features and services.

        6. Vulnerable and Outdated Components: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

        How It Works: Using outdated libraries or components can introduce vulnerabilities. Attackers often target known flaws in these components to exploit applications.

          Mitigation Strategies:

          Regularly update software and libraries.
          Monitor for vulnerabilities in third-party components.
          Use dependency scanning tools.

          7. Identification and Authentication Failures: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

          How It Works: These failures arise when an application does not properly manage user authentication. For example, weak passwords or lack of multi-factor authentication can allow unauthorized access.

            Mitigation Strategies:

            Enforce strong password policies.
            Implement multi-factor authentication (MFA).
            Regularly test authentication mechanisms.

            8. Software and Data Integrity Failures: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

            How It Works: Software integrity failures happen when there is no mechanism to verify that software and data haven’t been tampered with. This can allow malicious changes to go unnoticed.

              Mitigation Strategies:

              Use code signing to ensure software integrity.
              Implement checksums to verify data integrity.
              Regularly audit software and data changes.

              9. Security Logging and Monitoring Failures: How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

              How It Works: Without proper logging and monitoring, it’s hard to detect breaches or anomalies. For example, if failed login attempts aren’t logged, an attack may go unnoticed.

                Mitigation Strategies:

                Implement comprehensive logging of security events.
                Regularly review logs for suspicious activity.
                Set up alerts for unusual behavior.

                10. Server-Side Request Forgery (SSRF): How It Works and Mitigation Strategies

                How It Works: In an SSRF attack, the attacker tricks the server into making requests on their behalf, potentially accessing internal systems or data that should be protected

                  Mitigation Strategies:

                  Validate and sanitize user inputs.
                  Restrict server access to sensitive endpoints.
                  Implement network segmentation to isolate services.

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